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Escritor das vanguardas - Mario de Andrade

A importante obra de Mário de Andrade ganha nova edição, revelando um artista inquieto e inquietante, sempre brilhante por apontar novos rumos da cultura

Ubiratan Brasil
Era um homem muito peculiar - alto, lábios grossos, queixo proeminente, testa larga que revelava uma calvície avançada, gestos amplos, voz forte, Mário de Andrade (1893-1945) tinha o dom de reunir as pessoas. De corpo presente, nas inúmeras cartas que trocou ou em sua vasta obra, o escritor compartilhava sentimentos, alegrias e ansiedades, permitindo um enriquecimento intelectual mútuo. Se nem sempre criou textos excepcionais, Mário foi sempre brilhante por apontar novos rumos, como comprova a reedição de sua obra, trabalho agora assumido pela editora Agir.

Serão 29 títulos, iniciados por três essenciais: a rapsódia Macunaíma, o Herói sem Nenhum Caráter, o idílio Amar, Verbo Intransitivo e as crônicas reunidas em Os Filhos da Candinha. 'Até o final do ano, outros oito livros serão relançados', conta Paulo Roberto Pires, diretor editorial da Ediouro (da qual a Agir faz parte), lembrando que cada volume só chega às livrarias depois do trabalho realizado pela Equipe Mário de Andrade do Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros (IEB), verdadeiro santuário onde o arquivo do escritor está guardado, sob a coordenação por Telê Ancona Porto Lopez. O grupo fez vários cotejamentos com as edições publicadas com o autor ainda vivo para, assim, estabelecer a versão definitiva. 'Creio que dificilmente teremos edições mais próximas da vontade o Mário do que estas', comenta Pires.

A disposição dos familiares do escritor em reeditar a obra (da qual apenas alguns volumes esparsos são ainda encontrados nas livrarias) facilitou o trabalho da Agir, que enfrentou uma pequena concorrência de outras editoras até conquistar o direito de dispor dos títulos. Para se medir a importância de tal vitória, um evento vai marcar oficialmente o lançamento dos três primeiros livros.

A partir das 19 horas de segunda-feira, a Livraria Cultura do Conjunto Nacional será palco de uma homenagem a Mário de Andrade. O ator Pascoal da Conceição, cuja semelhança física já o levou a participar tanto de um comercial do Imposto de Renda como da minissérie Um Só Coração interpretando o escritor, vai comandar a festa. Ele também vai ler trechos dos livros.

Para lembrar a imensa e valorosa correspondência que Mário trocou com inúmeros artistas (e que não faz parte deste pacote da Agir), escritores como Marcelino Freire e André Laurentino vão ler seus e-mails fictícios para o autor, como uma homenagem. Os textos são divertidos e confessionais: 'Este é o segundo e-mail que escrevo a você. O outro, apaguei. Sinto que nele eu estava fazendo pose. Numa carta, você mesmo disse, não se deve fazer pose. Devemos estar inteiros em cada sílaba', escreve Laurentino.

Todas as mensagens estarão disponíveis no site em homenagem ao autor de Macunaíma (www.mariodeandrade.net), que entra no ar na noite de segunda. Finalmente, o grupo A Barca apresenta um pocket show, baseado nos registros feitos pelo escritor ao longo de sua vida e durante a Missão de Pesquisas Folclóricas, de 1938.

Obra traz lições de vida e arte

Mário de Andrade trava um diálogo franco com o futuro em seus escritos

Ubiratan Brasil

Se o palco do Teatro Municipal de São Paulo era assolado por vaias e assovios naquela noite de 15 de fevereiro de 1922, no saguão imperava o silêncio. Enquanto prosadores e poetas tentavam ler trechos de suas obras modernistas em meio a gracejos dos adeptos da arte acadêmica e da poesia parnasiana, Mário de Andrade usava de sua voz grossa e gestos amplos para tentar explicar, na ante-sala do teatro, as tendências artísticas contemporâneas. Aqueles dias formaram a hoje conhecida Semana de Arte Moderna, que abriu o caminho para artistas provocadores como Mário de Andrade que, naquele instante, iniciava um destino: o de esclarecer, durante anos, o sentido e os caminhos atuais de diversas artes.

Mário foi um homem irrequieto - prosador, escreveu romances e contos com a dicção do texto modernista; crítico, apontou caminhos estéticos para outros artistas de áreas diversas; pesquisador, viajou pelo Brasil buscando traços folclóricos e musicais de todas as regiões, desconhecidos dos grandes centros. Foi ainda um importante poeta. 'Era um intelectual que se preocupava com os assuntos nacionais, mas sem se limitar ao nacionalismo', observa Paulo Roberto Pires, da Ediouro. 'Mário não tinha preconceito do meio em que vivia e, mandamento número 1 do bom intelectual, era extremamente curioso.'

Macunaíma, por exemplo, 'livro de pura brincadeira escrito na primeira redação em seis dias ininterruptos de rede, cigarros e cigarras', como descreveu o autor em um prefácio, é fruto da união dos melhores elementos da cultura nacional. O herói sem nenhum caráter foi inspirado nas pesquisas do etnólogo alemão Theodor Koch-Grünberg , interessado nos costumes e na tradição oral dos índios que habitam a região onde hoje se delimita a fronteira entre Brasil, Venezuela e Guiana. Foi a partir das lendas dos índios daquela área, os taurepang e os arekuna, que Mário criou Macunaíma.

O escritor sempre se apressava em afirmar que, por conta de sua múltipla nacionalidade, Macunaíma não é genuinamente brasileiro. 'É tão ou mais venezuelano como da gente', escreveu no prefácio, frisando em seguida: 'Não quero que imaginem que pretendi fazer deste livro uma expressão da cultura nacional. Deus me livre.' Afinal, acrescenta ele, há ali uma embrulhada geográfica proposital de fauna e flora. 'Fantasiei quando queria e sobretudo quando carecia pra que a invenção permanecesse arte e não documentação seca de estudo.'

Também a imoralidade da história (além de preguiçoso, Macunaíma tem um insaciável apetite sexual) é rebatida pelo autor. Mário conta que se baseou nas lendas de primitivos em geral e nos livros religiosos. 'Essas literaturas rapsódicas e religiosas são freqüentemente pornográficas e em geral sensuais', defende-se.

Já Amar, Verbo Intransitivo, embora escrito entre 1923 e 1926, foi alvo constante de reescritura até 1944. Na história de um rico industrial que contrata uma professora de alemão cuja função, acima de ensinar a língua, é iniciar sexualmente Carlos, o filho adolescente, Mário incomodou-se com a análise freudiana feita pelos críticos quando do lançamento do livro. 'Carlos não passa de um burguês chatíssimo do século passado (retrasado). É apenas uma apresentação, uma constatação da constância cultural brasileira', escreveu, no prefácio.

Os Filhos da Candinha, por outro lado, reúne crônicas sobre diversos assuntos. Mário o considerava o seu livro mais bem escrito, comparando-o ao 'estilo poético-heróico de Macunaíma'. De fato, embora o crítico e o cronista estejam intimamente entrelaçados, aqui se sobressai o último.

(SERVIÇO)Serviço Lançamento da Edição Definitiva da Obra de Mário de Andrade. Teatro Eva Herz - Livraria Cultura (166 lug.). Av. Paulista, 2.073, Conjunto Nacional.2.ª feira, 19 h. Entrada franca

Os livros, por Mário de Andrade

MACUNAÍMA: 'Depois de pelejar muito verifiquei uma coisa me parece que certa: o brasileiro não tem caráter. Pode ser que alguém já tenha falado isso antes de mim porém a minha conclusão é (uma) novidade pra mim porque tirada da minha experiência pessoal. E com a palavra caráter não determino apenas uma realidade moral não, em vez, entendo a entidade psíquica permanente, se manifestando por tudo, nos costumes, na ação exterior, no sentimento, na língua, na História, na andadura, tanto no bem como no mal.'

AMAR, VERBO INTRANSITIVO: 'O livro está gordo de freudismo, não tem dúvida. E é uma lástima os críticos terem acentuado isso, quando era uma coisa já estigmatizada dentro do próprio livro. Agora o interesse seria estudar a maneira com que transformei lirismo dramático a máquina fria de um racionalismo científico.'

OS FILHOS DA CANDINHA: 'As crônicas juntadas neste livro foram escolhidas de preferência entre as mais levianas que publiquei - literatura. Faço sempre assim porque me parece mais representativo do que foi a crônica para a minha aventura intelectual.'

19 de janeiro 2008, estado de sp

O estigma herdado da escravidão

 
ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO, 25 de novembro de 2007

O estigma herdado da escravidão

Após a abolição vieram trabalhadores brancos e livres, mas dóceis e submissos, com personalidade de escravo

*José de Souza Martins*

Aproveitei o feriado do Dia da Consciência Negra para percorrer e fotografar, emSão Paulo, alguns marcos históricos da consciência branca. Com facilidade nos esquecemos de que a questão racial no Brasil não se resume a racismo nem tem nele sua maior complexidade. Nós nos esquecemos de que a questão do negro não é a da marca de cor, mas a do estigma das relações de trabalho escravo que encontraram na cor a sua mais superficial identidade. Não só a cor do negro africano, de várias origens étnicas, mas também a cor do pardo, o índio de várias origens tribais.

O debate sobre o fim da escravidão não foi um debate sobre a cor do trabalhador que nos cafezais, nos canaviais ou nas estâncias do sul substituiria o negro. A planejada força de trabalho substituta seria branca ou amarela, mas dócil e submissa. Trabalhadores livres com personalidade de escravo era a receita mal disfarçada da política de imigração aos traficantes de mão-de-obra. Os trabalhadores seriam escolhidos a dedo, nas regiões mais pobres e mais atrasadas da Europa, aquelas que ainda não tivessem sido alcançadas pela cultura das reivindicações sociais própria do capitalismo industrial. Procurava-se um trabalhador branco que pudesse trabalhar como negro, dando continuidade a uma modalidade de trabalho que não sofreria significativa mudança com a abolição da escravatura.

Para as áreas prósperas do café foi enviado sobretudo o imigrante europeu, branco, que no eito cumpriria a mesma faina que, até então, fora cumprida pelo negro cativo. Sem contar os muitos negros que continuaram no eito, como não podia deixar de acontecer, fazendo o que já faziam na escravidão. O feitor que supervisionara o escravo negro supervisionava agora o colono branco. A preferência era por imigrantes que viessem com família numerosa e não pelos avulsos; era pelos analfabetos, garantia de trabalho braçal e não de reivindicações sociais e de aspirações de mobilidade social rápida. Eram meios de amansar e manter manso o trabalhador branco e livre. Trabalhador que, não raro, foi morar na mesma senzala em que morara o negro, com a diferença de que as portas para o quadrado interno foram fechadas e abertas portas e janelas para a parte de fora.

A mentalidade escravista não morreu com o fim da escravidão. Mesmo a indústria, marco de uma economia baseada no trabalho contratualmente livre, não foi imediatamente o lugar do trabalho verdadeiramente livre. A indústria, que se difundiu entre nós logo depois da abolição da escravatura, nasceu marcada por formas servis de dominação, o trabalhador sem direitos. O capital, libertado do tráfico negreiro e da imobilização na pessoa do cativo, apenas buscou outros ramos de aplicação. Nas fábricas, a jornada de trabalho era de 12 horas não só para adultos, mas também para crianças. Mulheres e crianças cumpriam jornadas noturnas, mesmo crianças com menos de 14 anos de idade, muito pior do que no cativeiro, em que isso não ocorria. Nessas condições o trabalhador literalmente se tornava matéria-prima do processo produtivo. Escravo, quando morria, era prejuízo. Trabalhador livre, quando morria, não causava o menor prejuízo ao processo produtivo nem ao capital. Os bairros operários eram bairros maciçamente povoados por trabalhadores brancos e europeus imigrados ou filhos de europeus, gente muito pobre. A classe operária não tinha marcas de cor na face. Teve por muito tempo os estigmas invisíveis da disfarçada servidão na personalidade.

Foi num desses bairros operários, no Belenzinho, lugar de minha excursão fotográfica no Dia da Consciência Negra aos monumentos da consciência branca, que o médico carioca Jorge Street (1863-1939) construiu e estabeleceu a fábrica da Companhia Nacional de Tecidos de Juta, que fabricava sacaria para café. Ao lado, construiu a Vila Maria Zélia, uma vila operária. A Vila Maria Zélia, ainda hoje habitada por descendentes dos antigos operários, é um documento arquitetônico de uma consciência empresarial de vanguarda nas relações de trabalho. No confronto com favelas e cortiços de hoje, causa espanto pelo avanço social que já representava. Construída entre 1911 e 1916, expressava o imaginário de um industrial progressista, que tivera educação humanista na Alemanha e acreditava piamente que o lucro de uma verdadeira empresa capitalista vinha do reconhecimento do trabalhador como juridicamente igual porque, como sujeito de deveres, era também sujeito de direitos. Ele entendia que a fábrica era uma comunidade de moradores que trabalhavam juntos na linha de produção industrial. Uma relação romântica que tentava preservar a concepção pré-moderna da conjugação de moradia e trabalho e fazer dela o fundamento de uma concepção socialmente avançada da modernidade.

A esquerda da época, anarquista, denunciava Jorge Street como burguês cínico e hipócrita. Irritava-se porque Street era um industrial que se antecipava às demandas operárias. Os industriais da época também o detestavam porque as sensivelmente melhores condições de trabalho em sua fábrica despertavam aspirações e demandas dos operários das outras fábricas. Pouco depois, em junho de 1917, explodiu a greve geral do operariado, que se alastrou pelo Estado. Reivindicava o que Street já reconhecia como direito. Jorge Street perderia a fábrica em 1923. Acabaria se tornando servidor público e assessor da Fiesp, de que fora um dos fundadores.

A fábrica abandonada, após a Intentona Comunista, no Rio de Janeiro, em 1935, seria transformada em presídio político, o presídio Maria Zélia. No presídio, os filhos insubmissos da elite paulista acabaram se encontrando com os proletários dos bairros pobres e fabris de São Paulo: Caio Prado Júnior, Paulo Emílio Salles Gomes, Pagu, numa lista grande. Na cadeia, Paulo Emílio criou o provisório teatro político do Maria Zélia. Pelas bucólicas ruas da velha vila operária, naquela tarde de céu azul de 20 de novembro, soprava uma brisa de insubmissa liberdade incolor.

*José de Souza Martins é professor titular de Sociologia da Faculdade de Filosofia da USP

Escola pública na teia do atraso

Gaudêncio Torquato , JORNAL Estado de SP, 20 abril 08

  Primeiro flagrante: mais de 60 milhões de brasileiros - cerca de um terço da população - estão em salas de aulas. Esta é a soma do contingente de 55 milhões de alunos do ensino básico com grupamentos do ensino profissional, da graduação e da pós-graduação. À primeira vista, uma estatística de Primeiro Mundo. Segundo flagrante: o ensino básico atravessa a maior crise de sua história. Milhares de alunos concluem a quarta série sem saber ler nem escrever, muito menos fazer contas. Terceiro flagrante: 33 milhões de brasileiros são capazes de ler, mas não conseguem entender o significado das palavras. São analfabetos funcionais. Quarto flagrante: o ministro da Educação, Fernando Haddad, ao atestar a baixa qualidade do ensino médio, expressa conformismo: "A escola que temos é melhor do que sair da escola." A educadora Maria Helena Guimarães de Castro, secretária de Educação do Estado de São Paulo, vai direto ao desfecho: "Não há alternativa à educação de qualidade." As indicações mostram que o Brasil está condenado a rastejar na sombra de países que fazem da educação a locomotiva do progresso, como Reino Unido, Finlândia, Eslovênia, Suécia, Canadá, Japão e Coréia do Sul.

A crise da educação básica é um fio esgarçado que prende o País à teia do atraso. Pior é que isso ocorre num momento em que as condições para a decolagem nunca foram tão propícias. Discurso sobre a melhoria da qualidade do ensino é o que não falta na boca de governantes e de educadores. Dinheiro há. A lei obriga Estados e municípios a investirem em educação 25% de seus orçamentos, enquanto a União deve aplicar, no mínimo, 18%. Se a lei não é cumprida, isso é outra história. Ademais, o governo proclama que sua rede social é a maior, de todos os tempos, em tamanho. Por acaso a educação não integra a rede? A indagação procede: por que a pujança econômica, exibida como triunfo do governo petista, não puxa o enferrujado trator educacional? O que falta para se fazer a "revolução" na sala de aula? Porque esse menu, como se diz no Nordeste, tem "muita farofa e pouca sustança". A fachada da nossa cultura é de areia sem cimento, o que a transforma numa "cultura de fachada".

A índole do povo, como alguns apontam, é a raiz da crise. O sentimento de liberdade, inerente à alma brasileira, seria, assim, incompatível com o arcaísmo do ensino do bê-á-bá. A aula-padrão quadrada, lousa, giz e saliva perdem eficácia diante de cognições mais sensíveis à estética. O próprio ministro Haddad - graças aos céus, caiu na real - levanta a hipótese de um país mais ligado à imagem do que à leitura, motivo pelo qual seu Ministério organiza amplo programa de informatização. O fato é que a escola pública, modelo de qualidade em países como a Inglaterra, é entre nós a cara da ruindade: desaparelhada, sujeita à violência, professores ausentes, parcos salários, gestão improvisada, falta de assessoramento pedagógico. As autonomias se esfacelam diante da rígida hierarquia. Ao fundo, o patronato político ainda tira lasquinhas com a nomeação de quadros dirigentes.

Por onde começar o redesenho? Pela concepção de uma nova escola, integrada ao tempo e ao espaço, capaz de construir pontes entre aluno e seu meio. Uma escola de formação para a vida. Sabe-se que a falta de conexão entre o estudante e o mundo é responsável por altas taxas de evasão. Segundo o Pnad-2005, 97% das crianças de 7 a 14 anos estavam matriculadas, mas apenas 41% dos jovens de 15 anos concluíram o ensino fundamental. E mais: 34% dos alunos de 10 anos sofreram atraso escolar, chegando esse índice aos 55% na idade de 14 anos. Como se aduz, a exclusão começa na própria escola. A escola pública se depara com uma montanha de obstáculos. As grades curriculares não contam com a participação da sociedade, deixando de incorporar novas fronteiras do conhecimento. Inexiste uma base curricular comum no território, impossibilitando a integração de conteúdos. Muitos dos 2,5 milhões de professores de educação básica, lecionando nas 200 mil escolas públicas do País, ainda não tomaram conhecimento de que o Muro de Berlim desmoronou. O desestímulo espanta. Só em São Paulo, cerca de 30 mil professores faltam diariamente à rede de ensino. E 70% dos formados em licenciatura no País não querem dar aulas.

A descontinuidade administrativa trava experiências. Somos um país que preza experimentações isoladas. Mas ações fragmentadas não ajudam a agregar qualidade. A ausência de compartilhamento entre modelos gera uma anatomia educacional como a do queijo suíço, cheia de buracos. Por último, uma questão de fundo ideológico: o conceito da educação para a cidadania, tão enfatizado por Norberto Bobbio. Certos governantes preferem cidadãos passivos a ativos. Eles são depósitos de votos a favor, retribuindo migalhas recebidas. Já os cidadãos ativos filtram a água contaminada por vasos eleitoreiros. Parece incoerente o fato de que o Brasil estica o cordão da cidadania passiva, quando pelos dutos da educação corre um sangue inovador saído das veias de lídimos educadores como Anísio Teixeira, Paulo Freire e Darcy Ribeiro.

Nos desvãos da escola pública reprovada se edificam estátuas de populistas. Sob seus escombros se desenha o status quo. Não queremos afirmar que seja essa a intenção do atual governo. Confiemos na boa intenção do ministro Haddad. Remanesce, porém, a impressão de que há muito esforço para o distributivismo bolsista e falta vontade para desobstruir os gargalos da educação básica. Sobre um penhasco de Engadine, nos Alpes, refletindo sobre as correntezas rebaixadoras, Nietzsche gritava: "Vejo subir a preamar do niilismo." É o que estamos a ver nas águas turvas do ensino básico. Neste fim de semana, governadores, educadores e empresários tentarão responder no 7º Fórum Empresarial em Comandatuba, na Bahia, a uma inquietante pergunta: "O Brasil pode esperar por uma educação pública de qualidade?" Aventuro-me a responder: difícil, para não dizer impossível. Falta, sobretudo, vontade para tanto.

Gaudêncio Torquato é jornalista, professor titular da USP e consultor político

Page turners - THE GUARDIAN

Before the 20th century, artists were subservient to authors in the creation of books, but that changed with the birth of the livre d'artiste, or artist's book. Since then, texts have been cut open, painted over, burnt and locked up. Blake Morrison browses through novel works by Henri Matisse, Joseph Cornell and Paula Rego

Saturday April 19, 2008
The Guardian


Blood on Paper at the V&A: Damien Hirst's I want to spend the rest of my life everywhere, with everyone, one to one, always, forever, now
Speaking volumes ... Damien Hirst's I Want to Spend the Rest of My Life Everywhere, With Everyone, One to One, Always, Forever, Now. Photograph: Nigel Young/ © Damien Hirst and Booth-Clibborn Editions 1997
 


When Joyce discovered that Matisse was to illustrate Ulysses for an American limited edition, he asked a friend in Dublin to hunt down visual material evoking the atmosphere of the city in 1904: "He knows the French translation very well but has never been to Ireland," Joyce explained. In the event, no suitable material was found, and Matisse went about the task in his own way, which was far from the way Joyce had intended. When asked why his illustrations had little or nothing to do with the novel, Matisse replied that he had based his ideas on Homer's Odyssey instead. Joyce said he thought his daughter Lucia a better artist anyway.

The story exemplifies the uneasy relationship between authors and artists. To authors, the text is sacrosanct, and any accompanying visuals - whether on the cover or the page - are there to serve it. To artists, the text is only one of several considerations: colour, shape, design, texture and technical innovation are at least as important. Sometimes, the artist seems so oblivious to the text that it may as well be in a foreign language (occasionally, it is in a foreign language). Even artists who feel a strong rapport with the author will have to focus on isolated phrases or episodes, since it is impossible to encompass a whole narrative or unpack all the ambiguities of a poem. That's why authors can be less than thrilled when a Matisse, Picasso or Damien Hirst collaborates on an illustrated edition. The problem isn't so much competing egos as conflicting agendas.

For readers, too, illustration can seem limiting or intrusive. Part of the fascination of a book lies in the mental pictures it evokes: we "see" such and such a character or episode. So when an artist's vision doesn't correspond to our own (how could it?), there is a curtailment rather than an extension of the imagination.

Yet drawing and writing developed alongside each other, as forms of representation and self-expression. And when authors and artists are inspired by the same subject matter, and come at it from different directions - "dealing with it twice within the covers of one volume," the American critic Monroe Wheeler put it, "as if in free enthusiasm author and painter had each created alone" - the rewards can be rich, with the images enhancing our appreciation of the text and the text pushing the artist in surprising new directions. This harmonious ideal has rarely been achieved: no union of word and image can surpass the Songs of Innocence and Experience, in which Blake collaborated with himself. But relations between the two camps haven't always been hostile. When Delacroix produced his illustrations for Faust in 1828, Goethe, unlike most contemporary critics, was enthusiastic - not just because the young painter had bothered in the first place (Goethe was nearly 80 by then), but because he depicted the protagonists so vividly.

What has slowly changed over time is artists' involvement in the process of creating and producing a book. In the 19th century, they were regarded as subservient, their job being to supply a graphic paraphrase to the text. This isn't to say imaginative interpretation was ruled out: in John Martin's mezzotints for Paradise Lost, say, or Manet's lithographs for Poe's "The Raven" (as translated by Mallarmé), the artist reinvents or reinvigorates the original. Gustave Doré, William Morris and Aubrey Beardsley also produced striking work. But the freedom of the artist, coming second to the author, was necessarily constrained. At best, artists were junior partners, employed to furnish pictorial comments; at worst, they were hired hands, their work shrunk or cropped to fill pre-allotted spaces. The label "hack" was unfair when applied to men such as Phiz or Cruikshank (who illustrated Dickens), but successful painters of the period tended to see book illustration as a sideline, to be resorted to only for money.

All that changed, dramatically, in the 20th century, with the notion of the livre d'artiste - a book in which the artist takes precedence, sometimes even to the extent of being responsible for text as well as image. The French invented the term and established the form; the Americans arrived later, joining in only after the second world war. But whatever its origins, the artist's book, or artists' book (or even, as it is sometimes designated, "artists book", with no apostrophe), is now an accepted part of the cultural landscape of the past century. Having already featured in monographs, teaching programmes and at least one major exhibition - at New York's MoMA in 1995 - it is now the subject of a show at the V&A.

Definitions of the livre d'artiste vary. The genre encompasses a wide range - albums, anthologies, manifestos, sketchbooks as well as deluxe editions. Computers and internet publishing are pushing back the boundaries still further. But there is a consensus that these are works of art conceived in book form, rather than texts with pictures. Words inspired them, and words are integral to them, but they are to be treated primarily as art objects, and it is the role and reputation of the artist that gives them value.

Gauguin's unpublished Noa Noa, which recounts and illustrates his impressions of Tahiti, is one of the earliest examples of the artist's book; Toulouse-Lautrec's homage to the Parisian performer Yvette Guilbert (with a text by the journalist Gustave Geffroy) is another. But the key figure in the development of the form was the art dealer Ambroise Vollard, who commissioned and published, among others, Bonnard, Rouault, Picasso and Chagall. Vollard had come to Paris from Mauritius and was hugely keen to make his mark. Only a handful of his projects saw the light of day, and after some awkward experiences with living authors he encouraged his artists to hook up with safely dead ones. Other publishers, notably Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler and Albert Skira, could claim to have contributed more. But Vollard did help create the ultimate parallel text, Parallèlement, in which Bonnard's erotic lithographs were played off against Verlaine's sensuous verse.

The cubists and surrealists went further in breaking down easy correspondences between picture and text. In Miró's Parler Seul, there is no obvious relationship between the brightly coloured semi-abstract figures and the poems by Tristan Tzara that they surround; each artist speaks for himself, in isolation. But even the surrealists did little to alter the idea of the book as a codex - a bound volume in which pages can be turned. The man who challenged that convention was Joseph Cornell, with his cardboard boxes containing words, papers, inventories, name tags and found objects. Each box is given the title of a literary classic (The Three Musketeers, Paul and Virginia, etc), but the original is reduced to a heap of fragments and severed from its original context. With their use of cut-ups and collages, Cornell's boxes are not there to be read so much as rooted through, like an old trunk in the attic.

Still, even Cornell seems timidly conventional and literary alongside some of the artists exhibited at the V&A. Cai Guo-Qiang, for instance, mixes paste and gunpowder to illustrate his Danger Book, and tempts the reader (viewer?) to test the work's explosiveness by pulling a string that will ignite it: "Be careful of books" is the message. Anselm Kiefer's The Secret Life of Plants, a 6ft-tall sculpture of splayed pages in oil on lead on cardboard, explores the idea of literary permanence: the solidity of the piece and its references to astronomy suggest that books (like the heavens) will last for ever, the perished edges of the pages that (like plants) all books have their season then die. Anthony Caro's sculptures in brass, bronze and stainless steel, with poems by Hans Magnus Enzensberger and passages from Shakespeare secreted inside their folds, are less ambiguous: as books cast in metal, they celebrate durability.

If such sculptures remind us that books are tactile, the majority of the exhibits here remain agonisingly untouchable, under glass. In this, artists' books resemble not the hardbacks or paperbacks most of us read, but ancient manuscripts; only the privileged few (researchers, archivists and curators) are allowed to get their hands on them. Catalogue descriptions add to that sense of exclusion: the inventories of white Eskulan paper mounted on to a concertina of linen and hand-sewn with hemp, or of bindings in Nigerian goatskin or red Morocco cloth, are reminiscent of Bruce Chatwin at his most precious. Unless you are fetishistic about books, and know what's meant by drop-spine boards, slip-cases, endbands, archival dyes, mould-made paper, pochoirs, foil blocking, bifolia and "fascicules", you can end up feeling left out.

But not all artists' books are aimed at rich collectors or white-gloved connoisseurs. In the 1960s, the American artist Edward Ruscha produced a series of booklets in unnumbered editions, intended to be sold cheaply in supermarkets and drugstores. They consisted of black-and-white photographs showing different examples of humdrum American locations: 26 gas stations, 34 parking lots, nine swimming pools, the buildings along Sunset Strip. Dieter Roth and Sol LeWitt (also in the V&A show) produced work in a similar spirit. Many small, independent publishers sprang up, putting out art in pamphlets and on postcards in a dream of subverting the establishment and achieving Malraux's goal of a "museum without walls". In place of the deluxe art book came the "democratic multiple", available to all.

In truth, most books are democratic multiples these days, and have been since Allen Lane founded Penguin; it is only artists' books that come in tiny editions at astronomical prices. But some artists have found ways to widen their audience without compromising high standards of book production. Tom Phillips's A Humument - which took a Victorian novel by WH Mallock and covered the pages with images, leaving odd phrases exposed to create a new text - began life as a one-off work valued at £20,000, was issued in a limited edition and then became a trade hardback; my copy of the revised edition in 1987 cost £12.95, not an exorbitant sum even then. Publishers such as Redstone and Enitharmon have also produced beautiful volumes at affordable prices, with the latter initiating some fascinating partnerships between poets (Heaney, Gunn, Hughes, Pinter) and painters (Kitaj, Pasmore and Rego).

There have been so many intriguing collaborations - Howard Hodgkin and Susan Sontag, David Hockney and CP Cavafy, Louise Bourgeois and Arthur Miller - that it must have been hard for Rowan Watson, who co-curated the V&A exhibition with the art publisher Elena Foster, to decide which artists' books to include and then, having chosen, which pages to put on display. Unbound pages allow room to manoeuvre, but with most volumes, all you can show in a display case is a double-spread or diptych. When the book is as substantial as Miró's Le Courtisan Grotesque, Paula Rego's version of Jane Eyre or Balthus's Wuthering Heights (bound in goatskin dyed grey-green to "evoke the Yorkshire moors"), it is frustrating not to be able to leaf through. At least with Francis Bacon's Detritus, the problem doesn't arise. This is not a book, but a leather suitcase (in fact, one of an edition of 25 suitcases) containing 76 items found in the chaos of the artist's studio. With the suitcase lid open, and Bacon's bric-a-brac scattered about the display case, we get a sense not just of mess, but of method - the way Bacon worked and thought.

When Tom Wolfe called his polemic on modern art The Painted Word, he was thinking not of artists' books, but of post-1945 abstract expressionism and its enshrinement of theory and text. Some of the exhibits in the V&A show share this tendency: they are more think-pieces than artworks, designed not to please us as art or literature, but to challenge beliefs we hold dear. For instance, that "getting lost" in a book is good for us (on the contrary - we should stay alert to the book as an object). Or that books exist to be read (not always: they can also be worshipped as icons, as with the Bible or the Qur'an, or Mao's Little Red Book). Or that you can't judge a book by its cover (you can if it is an artist's book by Miró or Roy Lichtenstein).

The exhibition isn't restful on the eye, or the brain, but with its suitcases, boxes, cabinets, installations, performance pieces and specially commissioned sculptures, it is refreshingly free of bibliophiliac solemnity. And, though seeing books cut open, burned or simply locked up is a shock, most of the artists here seem to hold them in quasi-religious awe. The show also has a come-on title, Blood on Paper, which works on various levels: as a running motif that culminates in Anish Kapoor's lacerated paper sculpture, Wound; as a reference to the colour red, much used by illustrators in the days of scribes and the immediate post-Gutenberg era; and as a reminder of the passion with which many artists have worked on books - not least Matisse, who, notwithstanding his cavalier treatment of Joyce, said it took him "10 months of effort, working all day and often at night", to finish the artwork for Henri de Montherlant's Pasiphaé to his satisfaction.

"He who wants to dedicate himself to painting should start by cutting out his own tongue," Matisse also said, and it's true that when artists use language, which isn't their first medium, the results can be less than happy. Peter Doig's current exhibition at Tate Britain was almost ruined for me by one of his titles: Reflection (What Does Your Soul Look Like?). And I find it hard not to think less of Damien Hirst, another contributor to the V&A show, for calling one of his pieces I Want to Spend the Rest of My Life Everywhere, With Everyone, One to One, Always, Forever, Now. But not all artists revel in inarticulate rapture. And some, such as Tom Phillips and Rego, are excellent readers, finding new meanings in old texts.

When Matisse did use his own words, in his book Jazz, he asked that they be read "in the indulgent spirit generally accorded the writings of a painter". He also said that they were there only to separate the colour plates, "as asters add to the composition of a bouquet of more important flowers. Thus their role is purely visual." [His italics.] Actually, Matisse's words in Jazz aren't half bad. But what makes the book speak to the reader is the exuberance of its colour. Fittingly, the two pages from Jazz on display at the V&A include no words at all.

· Blood on Paper: The Art of the Book is at the Victoria and Albert Museum, London SW7, until June 29. Box office: 0870 906 3883.




Dicionário Bilíngue(inglês/português) de provérbios e palavrões

outra matéria guardada na bagunça dos meus arquivos...

Letras expressas

Dois dicionários bilíngues recém-lançados vertem provérbios e palavrões da língua inglesa e apontam para a maior profissionalização do setor no Brasil

IVO BARROSO
ESPECIAL PARA A FOLHA - 3 abril 2005



No eruditíssimo prefácio que escreve para o "Dicionário de Provérbios Inglês-Português/Português-Inglês", de Roberto (e Helena da Rosa) Cortes de Lacerda, o lexicógrafo Agenor Soares dos Santos discorre sobre a abrangência do conceito de provérbio, mostrando as áreas limítrofes com seus afins: os adágios, as frases feitas, as máximas, os anexins, as expressões idiomáticas, os símiles e as metáforas.
Mesmo ignorando as sutis distinções entre esses termos, a verdade é que, para o leitor de língua estrangeira e mais ainda para o tradutor, é preciso que a campainha do "desconfiômetro" funcione sempre ao surgir um deles, para que não se entenda ao pé da letra tudo o que vem escrito e se encontre um equivalente, um substituto, uma correspondência em nossa língua, que restitua ao termo ou frase o verdadeiro tom e sentido com que se apresenta no original. O sábio Antônio Houaiss chamava de "isotopias" essas substituições às vezes audaciosas para criar ou encontrar, em outra língua e sob outra forma, a correspondência tradutória perfeita de uma frase, conceito ou expressão.
Assim como nos manuais didáticos os tradutores aprendem que as citações bíblicas não devem ser traduzidas diretamente, mas transpostas segundo uma edição autorizada da Bíblia, também no caso dos provérbios incumbe encontrar um referencial compatível para essas transposições. Cabe dizer que esse manual de consulta se tornou agora disponível, ficando o problema da tradução de provérbios em inglês amplamente resolvido com a ferramenta indispensável deste dicionário.

Esforço de pesquisa
Sua origem, ou talvez sua seqüência lógica, pode ser encontrada em outra obra dos mesmos autores (coadjuvados por Estela dos Santos Abreu e Didier Lamaison): o "Dicionário de Provérbios Francês-Português-Inglês", lançado em 1999 pela Lacerda e ampliado em 2004 numa edição da Unesp. A reformulação ou a criação dessa nova estrutura lexical, no entanto, ganhou "momentum" para quem lida apenas com o idioma inglês -"a língua predominante do mundo moderno", nas palavras do prefaciador -ao propiciar mais agilidade e objetividade na forma de dicionário reversível.
Com o campo lingüístico circunscrito a um único idioma -decerto não pelo vezo itamaratiano de "eliminar" o francês-, a consulta se faz, no caso, imediata, dispensando o passeio inicial pelo espantoso elenco levantado por Dider Lamaison ou a prévia consulta aos índices complementares, que dão às outras edições um caráter de abrangência compatível com trabalhos de maior envergadura.

Tom proverbial
Além do minucioso esforço de pesquisa e compilação, louve-se nos autores a capacidade de ter criado provérbios "semelhantes" em português sempre que não encontravam uma equivalência preexistente, o que permitirá aos tradutores manterem o tom proverbial das citações, em vez de transcrevê-las literalmente, o que em geral só empobrece o texto.
É o caso, por exemplo, de "better the devil you know than the devil you don't know", que o prefaciador viu traduzido por um inexpressivo "melhor o diabo conhecido que o diabo desconhecido" e para o qual os autores conseguiram cunhar o belo símile: "Mais vale estrada velha que vereda nova". A ele, pois, tradutores e leitores em geral: mais vale um dicionário de provérbios à mão que dez suposições voando.
O aliciante mercado que se escancarou para os tradutores brasileiros com a multiplicação dos canais de TV a cabo -pelos quais transitam cerca de 1.500 filmes por mês, fora documentários, entrevistas, séries cômicas e quejandos provocou, a princípio, uma onda de ofertas de mão-de-obra não-qualificada que por uns tempos empulhou e confundiu os telespectadores.
Oferecendo-se a preços de liquidação, estudantes e aposentados, com sumárias noções de inglês, passaram a traduzir para esse novo mercado, que lhes parecia pouco exigente, o que provocou uma inundação de impropriedades, traições, absurdos, que atestavam o grau de incapacidade desses tradutores e o nível de aceitação pacífica do público. A velha Birmânia desapareceu do mapa dando lugar a Burma; Gênova, a terra de Colombo, aparecia então como Gennes; o rio Reno tornou-se o Rhin, e até o velho Platão aplastou-se num anônimo Plato.
Sem falar nos descalabros da tradução de frases idiomáticas ou em construções semânticas mais rebuscadas, que eram transpostas ao pé da letra ou simplesmente omitidas ou massacradas pelos tradutores. Nas legendas dos filmes passou de repente a "chover gatos e cachorros" no Brasil e, numa peça de Shakespeare, por exemplo, a palavra "subject" (súdito) surgia como "um sujeito", pouco faltando para ser transposta como "um cara".
Por sorte, houve a reação de telespectadores mais exigentes e da crítica especializada de televisão em geral, e hoje pode-se dizer que o nível das traduções (de filmes, por exemplo) é bastante boa e, em alguns casos, até mesmo elogiável. E louve-se a iniciativa (prática que já vinha sendo utilizada na Europa há decênios) de colocar nos créditos o nome do tradutor das respectivas produções, o que lhe atribui ao mesmo tempo o mérito e a responsabilidade do que foi traduzido.
Um problema, no entanto, persiste: o da gradação ou tom do vocábulo empregado. Como andamos numa onda de liberação geral, os nossos "legendários" resolveram pegar pesado e traduzir, com todas as letras, palavras que eram antes consideradas tabus. É claro que não estamos mais nos tempos em que precisávamos grafar m... ou nos referirmos a Cambronne para traduzir a "shit" que aparece na linguagem vulgar do cinema.
Mas há que atentar para a adequação do termo no contexto em que é empregado, pois em muitos casos esse "shit", por exemplo, corresponderá simplesmente a "droga!", e não à hoje (de)liberada merda. Carregar de propósito nas tintas, engrossar as falas mais do que se comportam na língua original é incorrer nos grosseiros deslizes dos tradutores que chovem cachorros ou fazem vênias aos sujeitos reais.

Terreno pegajoso
O "Dicionarinho do Palavrão & Correlatos Inglês-Português/Português-Inglês", de Glauco Mattoso, que acaba de sair em edição revista e aumentada, é um laborioso trabalho de pesquisa num terreno no mínimo escorregadio e pegajoso e, sem dúvida, um prato feito para os tradutores de filmes apimentados. Seguramente, todos os palavrões de ambas as línguas foram ali arrolados, com suas dezenas e mesmo centenas de sinônimos e variantes.
Seu manuseio, no entanto, requer algum cuidado. O tradutor dispõe ali de um fornecimento, por assim dizer, "no atacado", mas compete à sua experiência e sensibilidade proceder à necessária triagem e seleção para encontrar a equivalência de tom compatível com o que traduz.
Não se trata de puritanismo démodé, mas nada é mais desagradável do que ouvir um personagem dizer uma palavra quase banal em inglês e encontrar na legenda uma tatarana flamejante. Um dicionário sem dúvida útil aos tradutores, já que em geral essas palavras não se encontram compendiadas nos léxicos tradicionais. Mas, cautela!, diante dessa ampla varredura de Mattoso, vocês podem escorregar em ouriços que nem os mais desbocados millers e bukowiskis ousariam perpetrar.


Ivo Barroso é poeta e crítico, autor de "A Caça Virtual" (Record). Traduziu, entre outros, Arthur Rimbaud.

Dicionário de Provérbios Inglês-Português/ Português-Inglês
537 págs., R$ 99,00 de Roberto Cortes de Lacerda e Helena da Rosa Cortes de Lacerda. Ed. Campus/Elsevier (r. Sete de Setembro, 111, 16º andar, CEP 20050-006, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, tel. 0/xx/ 21/3970-9300).
Dicionarinho do Palavrão & Correlatos Inglês-Português/ Português-Inglês
315 págs., R$ 23,90 de Glauco Mattoso Ed. Record (r. Argentina, 171, CEP 20921-380, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, tel. 0/xx/21/ 2585-2000).

Does melancholy literature deepen depression?

 
Literature about this grim condition has a long and impressive pedigree, but I sometimes wonder what it's all for

Nicholas Lezard

Nicholas Lezard

January 15, 2008 3:52 PM

estebanfelix460.jpg
Bleak outlook ... depression over Managua, Nicaragua. Photograph: Esteban Felix/AP


About the only thing we know in this country about the French writer Henry de Montherlant is that he came up with the phrase "happiness writes white" - in other words, you quite simply don't feel like writing, or such writing makes no impression, if you're feeling fine. (Songwriting is exempt from this, I suppose, or the Beatles would never have been able to compose I Feel Fine).

Montherlant, incidentally, and so you can now double the number of things you know about him, died in 1972 after taking cyanide and shooting himself in the head, an impressive belt-and-braces approach to suicide which I should bear in mind when the time comes.

Not that depression is a laughing matter. Knowing a little bit about it myself, I have no wish to make light of this horrible condition. But still, you can't help noticing that there are an awful lot of books about depression out there. Being in the biz myself, I obviously know quite a few writers; but I know about five alone who have written about either depression, or the genre's close cousin, the I-Stopped-Drinking/Taking-Drugs-Just-in-Time book. I was recently told that a book I had reviewed was now "top of Amazon's Alcohol and Drug Abuse chart". (The book - Tania Glyde's Cleaning Up: How I Gave Up Drinking and Lived, is actually very good, and I recommend it even if you're not an alcoholic.) I had no idea that there was such a chart. And lo, it turns out that there is also a "depression" chart. Just looking at it is enough to put you a bit down in the dumps.

The funny thing, if there is a funny thing, is the pull these books have even upon the healthy. Reading is an empathetic and a sympathetic process: I had to stop reading James Salant's Leaving Dirty Jersey - "a crystal meth memoir" - because it made me feel like a crystal meth addict, and I've never touched the stuff.

And when I read an extract from Sally Brampton's forthcoming Shoot the Damn Dog (Elle magazine founder gets terrible depression), I felt the strong gravitational pull of misery: "With it came an overwhelming sense of loss, on top of all the others. I was crap at my job, I was crap at marriage, I was crap at love. I had lost at them all. A good friend had died. I had lost her too. And depression, as many experts have pronounced, is almost always about loss. I did not know that at the time."

Well, we know now.

But we have known it since 1621, when the first edition of Robert Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy came out. This is the verse that concludes the opening Abstract of Melancholy, and you won't be able to find a better summary of the condition:

I'll change my state with any wretch,
Thou canst from gaol or dunghill fetch;
My pain past cure, another hell,
I may not in this torment dwell!
Now desperate I hate my life,
Lend me a halter or a knife;
All my griefs to this are jolly,
Naught so damn'd as melancholy.

The problem is that Burton's massive, continually-expanding work, which in its way is actually an almost complete history of knowledge up to the time of writing, did not save him from dying by his own hand. And sometimes I wonder whether or not these books encourage those who waver, like adolescents listening to emo music, between genuine and willed depression. So, what I'd like to know is: do these books help?

ezra pound

 
 
The New York Times
 
 
 
 
 
Ezra Pound


January 27, 2008

Il Miglior Fabbro

EZRA POUND: POET

A Portrait of the Man and His Work. Volume I: The Young Genius, 1885-1920. By A. David Moody. Illustrated. 507 pp. Oxford University Press. $47.95.

T. S. Eliot and Ezra Pound were the "Odd Couple" of 20th-century poetry, a most unlikely pair who between them rewrote the rules for everyone else. Eliot was Felix, of course: fussy, clerkish, conservative in both politics and religion, so somber that as a young man he sometimes dabbed his face with powder to make himself look even grayer. And Pound was Oscar: a yapper, provocateur and shameless self-promoter with a radical opinion on just about anything; he signed his name with a caricature of a gadfly and strode about London in the years before World War I wearing an earring, a sombrero and trousers made of green billiard cloth. From our perspective, almost a hundred years later, it's hard to imagine that these two ever sat in the same room, let alone shared meals, friends, manuscripts. Eliot is now an almost churchly figure in our cultural imagination, the prelate of modernism, while Pound, if we bother to think of him at all, is remembered mostly as an embarrassment — a crank, a Fascist and anti-Semite confined to an asylum.

But one of the virtues of A. David Moody's new biography of Pound is to remind us that when the two poets first met, in 1914, Pound was by far the greater presence, and that without him Eliot might never have become the Eliot we revere. Pound, three years older, spotted Eliot's gift immediately (he called "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" the "best poem I have yet had or seen from an American"), urged him on and helped him get published. When Eliot, then a graduate student in philosophy at Oxford, decided to give up an academic career for a life in poetry, it was Pound who wrote and broke the news to Eliot's parents. Pound was similarly helpful to Joyce, for whom he scrounged money and even scavenged an old pair of shoes; to Wyndham Lewis; to the sculptor Henri Gaudier-Breszka, whose agent he became — to just about everyone who mattered artistically in pre-war London.

One way or another, he was connected to all the important little magazines of the time. He had an unerring eye for talent and was tireless in his efforts to promote the work of those he admired. He was a whirlwind of energy in those days — a "highly mechanized typing volcano," he called himself — and so restless that, unable to sit still, he broke the legs off chairs. In the dedication of "The Waste Land" Eliot called him il miglior fabbro — the finer craftsman — because of his brilliance as an editor. (Were it not for Pound, we might still know that poem as "He Do the Police in Different Voices.") He even took his red pencil to Yeats, and Moody's book includes two pages showing his brilliant, slashing revision of "The Two Kings." Pound was so good an editor, in fact, and so enterprising a talent-spotter and impresario — such a cultural force — that he would easily merit a biography even if he had never written a poem of his own.

And it would be an easier biography to write. Unlike Eliot, whose output was relatively small for a poet of such stature, Pound wrote reams, not all of it good. The jury is still out, in fact, on the true significance of his work. Some critics consider him the major poet of his era; others dismiss his "Cantos" as gibberish. What makes Pound's poetry even more confounding is that it was so frequently at odds with his many pronouncements and manifestos. "Make it new" was his slogan, and yet his early work wasn't new at all. It was warmed-over Pre-Raphaelism. Pound's flirtation with Imagism produced a great many maxims ("Use no superfluous word, no adjective which does not reveal something"; "Do not retell in mediocre verse what has already been done in good prose") and probably his best-known short poem, "In a Station of the Metro":

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.

Pound's connection with Imagism was short-lived, however (he quit the movement when Amy Lowell and others wouldn't let him run it), and he never fully embraced it. At the same time he was writing "In a Station" he was also writing a lot of verse that was old-fashioned and formulaic. In principle, he declared that poetry ought to be concrete and immediate; in practice, and in the "Cantos" especially, he often wrote poems so allusive and erudite that to understand them you had to be as well-read as Pound was.

In sorting out all Pound's contradictions and complexity, Moody, a professor emeritus at the University of York and the author of a previous book about Eliot, is invaluable. He knows more about Pound's poetry than probably anyone else alive, and supplies careful, detailed readings of all the early books (this volume ends in 1920; a second will cover the years until Pound's death in 1972). He even manages to uncover a plot of sorts in Pound's fitful development, culminating in the "Fourth Canto" of 1919 and "Hugh Selwyn Mauberley," a perplexing poem that both is and isn't autobiographical. Vastly simplified, the story is that Pound, who was immensely learned in Renaissance and Provençal poetry, was for a while — before he had much to say — interested in the sound of poetry almost at the expense of its sense, and that he had to discover both a suitable subject and suitable method for himself, a way of engaging the world and not just the poetic past.

Helpful as it is, though, Moody's book is sometimes more Felix than Oscar: it's dense, meticulous (except for the author's dismaying habit of forming the plural of a proper name by adding an apostrophe before the 's.'), formidably well researched and, in the first half especially, a little dull. Moody is more concerned with cramming in information than with fashioning a narrative, and his chapters are organized like an outline, with little subheads. He has little gift for characterization, so that the key people in Pound's life, figures like Hilda Doolittle (or H. D., as she became), Ford Madox Ford or Harriet Weaver, the publisher of The Egoist, flit through these pages like disembodied presences, sometimes introduced in footnotes or sometimes not at all. Even Pound himself is a little remote sometimes. Moody has not much interest in psychologizing, or in trying to explain why Pound was the way he was, and says next to nothing, for example, about his love life or lack of one.

Oddly, Pound's bohemianism did not extend to sex. His courtship of the woman who became his wife, Dorothy Shakespear, was touchingly old-fashioned, with Pound's letters and visits strictly rationed by Dorothy's mother (herself a former mistress of Yeats's) because his financial prospects were so poor. Dorothy, one senses from her letters, might gladly have eloped, but Pound was in no hurry. When they did finally marry, in 1914, their relationship was companionable but hardly passionate. Friends of Pound's with a more prurient bent than Moody even wondered whether they slept in the same bed. There are things more important than sex, Pound had written in 1912, and perhaps he meant it, or perhaps his erotic life took place in his brain, an organ he once called a "great clot of genital fluid." A curious thing about his poetry is that there are almost no genuine love poems to speak of, or none addressed to real women. His love-objects tended to be abstract figures, diaphanous goddesses and the like.

Like a lot of self-invented people, Pound was in the beginning part genius and part humbug — something that William Carlos Williams, a few years ahead of him at the University of Pennsylvania, noticed right away. Pound "was often brilliant," he wrote, "but an ass." Pound was also, in classic American fashion, a young man from the provinces determined to make his mark in the metropolis. He was born in Hailey, Idaho, in 1885 but grew up in the Philadelphia suburbs after his father took a job with the Philadelphia Mint. By 15 he had determined to be a poet — an ambition he certainly didn't inherit from his parents, though they loyally supported him — and then bounced from school to school pursuing a curriculum of his own devise. He enrolled at Penn, finished at Hamilton College, where the professors were less fussy about requirements, and then went back to Penn for a graduate degree he never finished.

In 1907 he took a job teaching at Wabash College, in Indiana, but found the atmosphere so stifling that he contrived to get himself kicked out by harboring a chorus girl in his room. With a small parental allowance he sailed for Venice, where he arranged for an Italian printer to run up a few copies of his first book, "A Lume Spento," and then headed for London, intent on making a name for himself. He succeeded in remarkably short order, and even won over the great man himself, Yeats, whose secretary he eventually became, and even the best man at his wedding.

Reading between the lines in Moody's book, you get the sense that Pound in these years was charming and insufferable in about equal measure and bestowed his friendship only on those who met his very exacting standards. To those who didn't he could be withering. He challenged the poet Lascelles Abercrombie to a duel on grounds of "stupidity" so great it amounted to "public menace," and he called The Times of London a "slut-bellied obstructionist," a "fungus" and a "continuous gangrene."

Every now and then is a hint of the even darker, nuttier Pound to come: casual anti-Semitism, a burst of misogyny, contempt for the stupidity of the masses, a growing fascination with the dubious economics of one Maj. C. H. Douglas. And throughout the whole, even as he is heading toward the great artistic breakthrough of the "Cantos," there is a sense of swelling intemperateness and self-importance. By the end of 1920, when he declared himself disgusted with England and prepared to move to France, he had pretty much worn out his welcome, and everyone, even Eliot, was glad to see him go.

Charles McGrath, formerly the editor of the Book Review, is a writer at large for The Times.


País terá acesso a 500 anos de tradição clássica

País terá acesso a 500 anos de tradição clássica

02/04/03

O conde Cicognara (1767-1834) é um dos criadores da história da arte

Acervo montado por Cicognara nos séculos 18 e 19 estará à disposição dos estudiosos brasileiros num programa com apoio da Fapesp e promoção da Biblioteca Vaticana e da Universidade de Illinois

LUIZ MARQUES
Especial para o Estado

Não se trata desta vez de outra exposição internacional, dentre as muitas que passam dois meses em museus brasileiros, não deixando infelizmente, em termos patrimoniais, mais que um volume de catálogo.

Trata-se de um acervo que vem para ficar e frutificar: as microfichas que reproduzem integralmente a Biblioteca Cicognara, no âmbito de um programa de duplicação dos originais promovido conjuntamente pela Biblioteca Vaticana, que os conserva desde 1824, e pela University of Illinois, nos Estados Unidos. Para entendermos quanto adquirimos em termos de lastro intelectual com a aquisição desta biblioteca pela Unicamp, graças a um Projeto Temático financiado pela Fapesp (Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo), é necessário uma palavra sobre Cicognara e sua célebre biblioteca.

Ao longo do segundo semestre deste ano, os primeiros textos serão digitalizados e passarão a estar disponíveis em rede.

Após Giorgio Vasari, no século 16, e ao lado do abade Luigi Lanzi, seu contemporâneo, o conde Francesco Leopoldo Cicognara (1767-1834) é um dos mestres fundadores de um inteiro campo de estudos, a História da Arte.

Historiador, "connaisseur", erudito, polígrafo e bibliófilo, Cicognara chega aos 21 anos em Roma, onde firma sua inserção nos círculos neoclássicos dos anos 1780, gravitantes em torno da pintora Angelica Kauffmann (1741-1807) e das doutrinas do pintor alemão Anton Raphael Mengs (1729-1779), assim como dos teóricos Johann J. Winckelmann (1717-1768) e Francesco Milizia (1725-1798). Já então, Cicognara "não revela", como bem observa a historiadora da arte Paola Barocchi, "interesses meramente eruditos pelos testemunhos artísticos, mas a curiosidade de enquadrá-los em um amplo horizonte de cultura".

Estabelecido em Veneza em 1808, assume a presidência da Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia, cujo acervo ele organiza, com espírito iluminista e jacobino, e abre ao público em 1817, transformando-o na maravilhosa Galleria dell'Accademia. Entre 1813 e 1818, Cicognara publicou a obra que o torna célebre, a História da Escultura desde o seu ressurgimento na Itália até o século de Canova (6 volumes), na qual o ponto de partida, o retorno da escultura aos modelos antigos, no século 13, era fornecido por Nicola Pisano, e o ponto de chegada, por Canova, máxima expressão do clássico nos tempos modernos. Concebida como uma continuação das obras de Winckelmann e Séroux d'Agincourt, a obra procurava também explorar os vínculos entre a arte, a literatura e mesmo a história política, nela integrando as pesquisas de Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), Charles-François Dupuis (1742-1809), entre outros. Em seu gênero, a obra mantém-se insuperável. Tendo ainda publicado, em 1831, um estudo sobre a impressão da gravura sobre cobre, foi convidado pela duquesa de Parma, Marie-Louise, a criar um segundo extraordinário museu, a atual Galleria Nazionale di Parma.

Bibliófilo - Naturalmente, o que mais nos interessa nessa personagem é sua faceta de bibliófilo, pois Cicognara foi sobretudo o artífice da mais importante e judiciosamente catalogada biblioteca de fontes da história da arte e da arqueologia clássica jamais reunida até os seus dias. São quase 5 mil títulos, datados do século 14 ao início do século 19, cifra que, perto das bibliotecas babélicas de hoje, pode parecer modesta. A questão não está contudo na quantidade, mas no perfil dos livros aqui reunidos, que recobre praticamente todo o patrimônio bibliográfico da tradição clássica referente às artes visuais. Consideremos, por exemplo, tão-somente a tratadística arquitetônica. Há nesta biblioteca 54 edições diferentes, e em geral comentadas, dos tratados de Vitrúvio, desde um manuscrito do século 14 até sua tradução inglesa, de 1812.

Contam-se 9 edições do De re aedificatoria, de Leon Battista Alberti, desde a editio princeps de 1485, até a tradução italiana de 1726. Há ainda 14 edições diferentes dos tratados de Andrea Palladio, desde a de 1570 até a tradução francesa de 1785. Uma mesma riqueza abrange escritos teóricos, compêndios de história da arte, biografias de artistas, tratados de mitologia, poética, iconografia e retratística, arquitetura efêmera e teatral, pintura, escultura, desenho, gravura, ourivesaria, perspectiva, anatomia, numismática, inscrições, periegética, descrição dos monumentos antigos, bibliografia, etc., etc. Numerosas obras sublinham ainda as relações das artes visuais com a literatura, a filologia, a música, a retórica, a teologia, a filosofia, a prática e o ensino das artes.

Em suma, a biblioteca Cicognara permite adentrar, quase livro a livro, no conjunto de temáticas e controvérsias sobre a imitação da natureza e da Antiguidade, bem como sobre as práticas artísticas imperantes desde Vitrúvio e Plínio até os anos iniciais do século 19. Mais, entretanto, que um conjunto de saberes único no mundo, a biblioteca Cicognara fornece um modelo epistemológico, o paradigma intelectual, a tópica que organizou este saber.

O monumental Catalogo Ragionato dei libri d'arte e d'antichità posseduti dal Conte Leopoldo Cicognara, publicado em 1821, desempenha, para as humanidades, papel similar ao desempenhado pelo Systema Naturae de Carl von Linné, de 1735, para a emergência da moderna taxonomia. Em outras palavras, com Cicognara, o sistema das artes e dos estudos arqueológicos, filológicos, poéticos e retóricos que tem por referência o legado da Antiguidade atinge sua primeira articulação sistemática, mas também seu mais amplo perímetro.

De posse das microfichas, o Projeto da Fapesp, intitulado A Biblioteca Cicognara e a Constituição da Tradição Clássica, transferirá o conteúdo dessa biblioteca para suporte eletrônico, acessível em rede, de modo a facultar o seu usufruto a um maior número de leitores. Estimula-se assim, em tese, a ampliação das coordenadas históricas e intelectuais das pesquisas em história da arte na universidade brasileira, ainda hoje praticamente confinada à agenda nacional-modernista.

Luiz Marques é professor de história da arte na Unicamp

O Estado de S. Paulo)

the full glass - by john updike

Approaching eighty, I sometimes see myself from a little distance, as a man I know but not intimately. Normally I have no use for introspection. My employment for thirty years, refinishing wood floors—carried on single-handedly out of a small white truck, a Chevrolet Spartan, with the several sizes of electric sanders and the belts and disks of sandpaper in all their graded degrees of coarseness and five-gallon containers of polyurethane and thinner and brushes ranging from a stout six-inch width to a diagonally cut two-inch sash brush for tight corners and jigsaw-fitted thresholds—has conditioned me against digging too deep. Balancing in a crouch on the last dry boards like a Mohawk steel walker has taught me the value of the superficial, of that wet second coat glistening from baseboard to baseboard. All it needs and asks is twenty-four undisturbed hours to dry in. Some of these fine old New England floors, especially the hard yellow pine from the Carolinas that was common in the better homes a hundred years ago, but also the newer floors of short tongued pieces of oak or maple, shock you with their carefree gouges and cigarette burns and the black scuff marks synthetic soles leave. Do people still give that kind of party? I entered this trade, after fifteen years in a white-collar, smooth-talking line of work, as a refugee from romantic disgrace, and abstain from passing judgment, even on clients arrogant enough to schedule a dinner party six hours after I give their hall parquet the finish coat.

But, now that I'm retired—the sawdust gets to your lungs, and the fumes get to you and eat away your sinuses, even through a paper mask—I watch myself with a keener attention, as you'd keep an eye on a stranger who might start to go to pieces any minute. Some of my recently acquired habits strike me as curious. At night, having brushed my teeth and flossed and done the eyedrops and about to take my pills, I like to have the water glass already full. The rational explanation might be that, with a left hand clutching my pills, I don't want to fumble at the faucet and simultaneously try to hold the glass with the right. Still, it's more than a matter of convenience. There is a small but distinct pleasure, in a life with most pleasures levelled out of it, in having the full glass there on the white marble sink-top waiting for me, before I sluice down the anti-cholesterol pill, the anti-inflammatory, the sleeping, the calcium supplement (my wife's idea, now that I get foot cramps in bed, somehow from the pressure of the top sheet), along with the Xalatan drops to stave off glaucoma and the Systane drops to ease dry eye. In the middle of the night, on the way to the bathroom, my eye feels like it has a beam in it, not a mote but literally a beam—I never took that image from the King James Version seriously before.

The wife keeps nagging me to drink more water. Eight glasses a day is what her doctor recommended to her as one of those feminine beauty tricks. It makes me gag just to think about it—eight glasses comes to half a gallon, it would bubble right out my ears—but that healthy sweet swig near the end of the day has gotten to be something important, a tiny piece that fits in: the pills popped into my mouth, the full glass raised to my lips, the swallow that takes the pills down with it, all in less time than it takes to tell it, but tasting of bliss.

The bliss goes back, I suppose, to moments of thirst satisfied in my childhood, five states to the south of this one, where there were public drinking fountains in all the municipal buildings and department stores, and luncheonettes would put glasses of ice water on the table without your having to ask, and drugstores served Alka-Seltzer up at the soda fountain to cure whatever ailed you, from hangover to hives. I lived with my grandparents, a child lodged with old people thanks to the disruptions of the Depression, and their house had a linoleum floor and deep slate sinks in the kitchen, and above the sinks long-nosed copper faucets tinged by the green of oxidation. A child back then had usually been running from somewhere or other and had a great innocent thirst—running, or else pumping a fat-tired bicycle, imagining it was a dive-bomber about to obliterate a Jap battleship. Filling a tumbler with water at the old faucet connected you with the wider world. Think of it: pipes running through the earth below the frost line and up unseen from the basement right through the walls to bring you this transparent flow, which you swallowed down in rhythmic gulps—down what my grandfather called, with that twinkle he had, behind his bifocals, "the little red lane." The copper would bead with condensation while you waited for the water to run cold enough.

The automobile garage a block away from my grandparents' back yard had the coldest water in town, at a bubbler just inside the overhead sliding doors. It made your front teeth ache, it was so cold. Our dentist, a tall lean tennis player already going bald in his thirties, once told me, after extracting an abscessed back molar of mine when I was fifteen, that no matter what else happened to me dentally I would have my front teeth till the day I died. Now, how could he know that just by looking every six months into a mouth where a Pennsylvania diet of sugar doughnuts and licorice sticks had already wreaked havoc? But he was right. Slightly crooked though they are, I still have my front teeth, the others having long since gone under to New England root canals and Swedish implantology. I think of him, my aboriginal dentist, twice a day when I do my brushing. He was the beloved town doctor's son, and had stopped short at dentistry as a kind of rebellion. Tennis was really his game, and he made it to the county semifinals at least twice, before dropping over with a heart attack in his forties. In those days there was no such thing as a heart bypass, and we didn't know much about flossing, either.

The town tennis courts were handy to his office, right across the street—a main avenue, with trolley tracks in the middle that would take you in twenty minutes the three miles into the local metropolis of eighty thousand working men and women, five first-run movie theatres, and a surplus of obsolescing factories. The courts, four of them, were on the high-school grounds, at the stop where my grandmother and I, back from my piano lesson or buying my good coat for the year, would get off the trolley, to walk the rest of the way home because I was sure I was about to throw up. She blamed the ozone: according to her, the trolley ran on ozone, or generated it as a by-product. She was an old-fashioned country woman who used to cut dandelions out of the school grounds and cook the greens into a disgusting stew. There was a little trickling creek on the edge of town where she would gather watercress. Farther still into the countryside, she had a cousin, a man even older than she, who had a spring on his property he was very proud of, and would always insist that I visit.

I disliked these country visits, so full, I thought, of unnecessary ceremony. My great-cousin was a dapper chicken farmer who by the time of our last visits had become noticeably shorter than I. He had a clean smell to him, starchy with a touch of liniment, and a closeted mustiness I notice now on my own clothes. With a sort of birdy animation he would faithfully lead me to the spring, down a path of boards slippery with moss from being in the perpetual damp shade of the droopy limbs of a great hemlock there. In my memory, beyond the shadows of the hemlock the spring was always in a ray of sunlight. Spidery water striders walked on its surface, and the dimples around their feet threw interlocking golden-brown rings onto the sandy bottom. A tin dipper rested on one of the large sandstones encircling the spring, and my elderly host would hand it to me, full, with a grin that was all pink gums. He hadn't kept his front teeth.

I was afraid of bringing a water strider up to my lips. What I did bring up held my nostrils in the dipper's wobbly circle of reflection. The water was cold, tasting brightly of tin, but not as cold as that which bubbled up in a corner of that small-town garage, the cement floor black with grease and the ceiling obscured by the sliding-door tracks and suspended wood frames holding rubber tires fresh from Akron. The rubber overhead had a smell that cleared your head the way a bite of licorice did, and the virgin treads had the sharp cut of metal type or newly ironed clothes. That icy water held an ingredient that made me, a boy of nine or ten, eager for the next moment of life, one brimming moment after another.

Thinking back, trying to locate in my life other moments of that full-glass feeling, I recall one in Passaic, New Jersey, when I still wore a suit for work, which was selling life insurance to reluctant prospects. Passaic was out of my territory, and I was there on a stolen day off, with a woman who was not my wife. She was somebody else's wife, and I had a wife of my own, and that particular fullness of our situation was in danger of breaking over the rim. But I was young enough to live in the present, thinking the world owed me happiness. I rejoiced, to the extent of being downright dazed, in the female presence beside me in the rented automobile, a red Dodge coupe. The car had just a few miles on it and, as unfamiliar automobiles do, seemed to glide effortlessly at the merest touch of my hand or foot. My companion wore a broad-shouldered tweedy fall outfit I had never seen on her before; its warm brown color, flecked with pimento red, set off her thick auburn hair, done up loosely in a twist behind—in my memory, when she turned her head to look through the windshield with me, whole loops of it had escaped the tortoiseshell hair clip. We must have gone to bed together at some point in that day, but what I remember is being with her in the cave of the car, proudly conscious of the wealth of her hair and the width of her smile and the breadth of her hips, and then in my happiness jauntily swerving across an uncrowded, sunny street in Passaic to seize a metered parking space along the left-hand curb.

A policeman saw the maneuver and before I could open the driver's door was standing there. "Driver's license," he said. "And car registration."

My heart was thumping and my hands jumping as I rummaged in the glove compartment for the registration, yet I couldn't wipe the smile off my face. The cop saw it there and it must have further annoyed him, but he studied the documents I handed him as if patiently mastering a difficult lesson. "You crossed over onto the left side of the street," he explained at last. "You could have caused a head-on collision."

"I'm sorry," I said. "I spotted the parking space and saw no traffic was coming. I wasn't thinking." I had forgotten one of the prime axioms of driving: a red car attracts the police. You can get away with almost nothing in a red car.

"Now you're parked illegally, headed the wrong way."

"Is that illegal? We're not from Passaic," my passenger intervened, bending down low, across my lap, so he could see her face. She looked so terrific, I felt, in her thick shoulder pads and pimento-flecked wool, that another man must understand and forgive my intoxication. Her long oval hands, darting up out of her lap; her painted lips, tensed avidly in the excitement of argument; her voice, which slid past me almost palpably, like a very fine grade of finish sandpaper, caressing away my smallest imperfections—the policeman must share my own amazed gratitude at what she did, for me and my prick, with this array of erotic instruments.

He handed the documents back to me without a word, and bent down to say past my body, "Lady, you don't cut across traffic lanes in Passaic or anywhere else in the United States to grab a parking space heading the wrong way."

"I'll move the car," I told him, and unnecessarily repeated, "I'm sorry." I wanted to get going; my sense of fullness was leaking away.

My companion took a breath to tell the cop something, perhaps word of some idyllic town, back in Connecticut, where we came from, where such a maneuver was perfectly legal. But my body language may have communicated to her a wish that she say nothing more, for she stopped herself, her lips parted as if holding a bubble between them.

The policeman, having sensed her intention and braced to make a rejoinder, silently straightened up into his full frowning dignity. He was young, but it wasn't his youth that impressed me; it was his uniform, his badge, his authority. We were all young, relatively, as I look back at us. It has taken old age to make me realize that the world exists for young people. Their tastes in food and music and clothing are what the world is catering to, even while they are imagining themselves victims of the old.

The officer dismissed me with "O.K., buddy." Perhaps in deference to my deranged condition, he added, "Take it easy."

The lady and I were not young enough to let our love go, the way teen-agers do, knowing another season is around the corner. We returned to our Connecticut households unarrested, and persisted in what my grandfather would have called evildoing until we were caught, with the usual results: the wounded wife, the seething husband, the puzzled and frightened children. She got a divorce, I didn't. We both stayed in town; her husband went to the city to survey his new prospects. We entered upon an awkward afterlife of some ten years, meeting at parties, in the supermarket, at the playground. She kept looking terrific; woe had carved a few pounds off her frame. It was a decade of national carnival. At one Christmas party, I remember, she wore red hot pants and green net stockings, with furry antlers on a headband and a red ball, alluding to Rudolph the Reindeer's nose, stuck in the middle of her heart-shaped face.

Parties are theatre in Connecticut bedroom towns, and the wife and I did nothing to make her performances easier, the wife giving her the cold shoulder, and I sitting in a corner staring steelily, still on fire. She had taken on a new persona, a kind of fallen-woman persona, laughing, brazen, flirting with every man the way she had with that cop in Passaic. I took a spiteful pleasure in watching her, at my remove, bump like a pinball from one unsuccessful romance to another. It enraged me when one would appear to be successful. I couldn't bear imagining it—the nakedness I had known, the little whimpers of renewed surprise I had heard. She brought these men to parties, and I had to shake their hands, which seemed damp and bloated to me, like raw squid touched in the fish market.

Our affair had hurt me professionally. An insurance salesman is like a preacher—he reminds us of death, and should be extra earnest and virtuous, as payback for the investment he asks. As an insurance agent I had been proficient and tidy in filling out the forms but less good in tipping the customers into the plunge that would bring a commission. The wife and I moved to a state, Massachusetts, where nobody knew us and I could work with my hands. We had been living there some fifteen years when word came from Connecticut that my former friend—her long looping hair, her broad bright smile, her gesturing oval hands—was dying, of ovarian cancer. When she was dead, I rejoiced, to a degree. Her death removed a confusing presence from the world, an index to its unfulfilled potential. There. You see why I am not given to introspection. Scratch the surface, and ugliness pops up.

Before we were spoiled for each other, she saw me as an innocent, and sweetly tried to educate me. With her husband's example in mind, she told me I must learn to drink more, as if liquor were medicine for grownups. She told me the way to cure a cold was to drink it under. Rather shyly, early in our love life, she told me my orgasms told her that this was important for me. "But isn't it for everybody?" I asked.

She made a wry mouth, shrugged her naked shoulders slightly, and said, "No. You'd be surprised." There was a purity, a Puritan clarity, to her teaching, as she sought to make me human. At some point in the ungainly aftermath of our brief intimacy, she let me know—for I used to seek her out at parties, to take her temperature, as it were, and to receive a bit of the wisdom a love object appears to possess—how I should have behaved to her if I "had been a gentleman." If I had been a gentleman: it was a revelatory slur. I was not a gentleman, and had no business putting on a suit each morning and setting off to persuade people wealthier than I to invest in the possibility of their own deaths. I had begun to stammer on the mollifying jargon: "in the extremely unlikely event" and "when you're no longer in the picture" and "giving your loved ones financial continuity" and "let's say you live forever, this is still a quality investment."

My clients could sense that to me death was basically unthinkable, and they shied away from this hole in my sales pitch. Not being a gentleman, I could move to a new state and acquire a truck and heavy sanders and master the modest science of penetrating slow-drying sealers, steel-wool buffer pads, and alkyd varnishes. Keep a wet edge to avoid lap marks, and don't paint yourself into a corner. Brush with the grain, apply your mind to the surface, and leave some ventilation if you want to breathe. Young men now don't want to go into it, though the market for such services keeps expanding with gentrification, because everybody wants to be gentry. Toward the end, I had so many clamoring clients that retiring was the only way I could escape them, whereas selling insurance had always been, for me at least, an uphill push. People are more concerned about the floors they walk on than the loved ones they leave behind.

Another curious habit of mine can be observed only in December, when, in the mid-sized sea-view Cape Ann Colonial the wife and I moved to over thirty years ago, I run up on the flagpole five strands of Christmas lights, forming a tent shape that at night strongly suggests the festoons on an invisible tree. I have rigged two extension cords to connect with an outside spotlight so the illusion can be controlled from an inside switch. When, before heading up to the bedroom—"climbing the wooden hill," my grandfather used to say—I switch it off, I could do it without a glance outdoors, but in fact I move to the nearby window with my arm extended, my fingers on the switch, so that I can see the lights go out.

In one nanosecond, the drooping strands are burning bright, casting their image of a Christmas tree out into the world, and in the next, so quick that there seems no time at all while the signal travels along the wires from the switch, the colored, candle-flame-shaped bulbs—red, orange, green, blue, white—are doused. I keep imagining, since a pair of hundred-foot extension cords carry the electrons across the yard, through the bushes and frozen flower beds, that I will perceive a time lag, as with a lightning flash and subsequent thunder. But no; the connection between the lights and my hand on the switch appears instantaneous. The lights are there, imprinting the dark with holiday cheer, and then are not. I need to see this instant transformation occur. I recognize something unhealthy in my need, and often vow beforehand just to touch the switch and forgo peeking. But always I break my vow. It's like trying to catch by its tail the elusive moment in which you fall asleep. I think that, subconsciously, I fear that if I don't look the current will jam and reverse, and it is I who will die, and not the lights.

The wife and I are proud of our homemade Christmas tree. We see it loom vividly from the beach below and, stupid as children, imagined we could even see it from Marblehead, eight miles away. But, though we took along our younger son's telescope—abandoned in his room, with all his toys and posters and science fiction and old Playboys—we couldn't make out our festooned flagpole at all, amid so many other shore lights. Our faces hurt in the December wind; our eyes watered. What we, after much searching, thought might be our illusion of a tree was a blurred speck in which the five colors and the five strands had merged to a trembling gray as slippery in the telescope as a droplet of mercury.

My hoping to see the current snake through the extension cords possibly harks back to my fascination, as a boy, with pathways. I loved the idea of something irresistibly travelling along a set path—marbles rolling down wooden or plastic troughs, subway trains hurtling beneath city streets, water propelled by gravity through underground pipes, rivers implacably tumbling and oozing their way to the sea. Such phenomena gave me a secret joy to contemplate, and, with the lessening intensity that applies in my old age to all sensations, they still do. They appeal, perhaps, to a bone-deep laziness of mine, a death wish. My favorite moment in the floor-finishing business is getting out the door and closing it, knowing that all that remains is for the polyurethane to dry, which will happen without me, in my absence.

Another full moment: beginning in kindergarten, all through grade school and high school, I was in love with a classmate I almost never spoke to. Like marbles in parallel troughs we rolled down the years toward graduation. She was popular—a cheerleader, a star hockey player, a singer of solos in school assemblies—with many boyfriends. She had big breasts on a lean body. My small-town grandparents had kept their country connections, and through them I was invited to a Maytime barn dance five miles out of town. Somehow I got up my nerve and invited this local beauty to go with me, and she absorbed her surprise and surprisingly accepted. Perhaps, reigning so securely in our small town, she was amused by the idea of a barn dance. The barn was as big as a church, and last harvest's hay bales were stacked to the roof in the side mows. I had been to barn dances before, with my country cousins, and knew the calls. Bow to your partner. Bow to your corner. All hands left. Women like all that, it occurs to me this late in life—connections and combinations, contact. As she got the hang of it, her trim waist swung into my hand with the smart impact of a drumbeat, a football catch, a layup off the reverberating backboard. I felt her moist sides and the soft insides beneath her rib cage, all taut in the spirit of the dance. Sexual intercourse for a female has always been hard for me to picture, but it must feel to be all about you, at the center of everything. She might have said yes to me before, if I had asked. But that would have spilled her, for me, into too much reality.

From a geographical standpoint, my life has been a slow crawl up the Eastern Seaboard. The wife and I joke that our next move is to Canada, where we'll get the benefits of universal health care. A third curious habit I've fallen into is that, when I get into bed at night, having been fending off sleep with a magazine and waiting in vain for the wife to join me (she is deep into e-mail with our grandchildren and English costume dramas on public television), I bury my face in the side of the pillow, stretch out down to my toes in the hope of forestalling the foot cramps, and groan loudly three times—"Ooh! Ooh! Ooh-uh!"—as if the bliss of letting go at the end of the day were agony. At first it may have been an audible signal to the wife to switch off whatever electronic device was keeping her up (I'm deaf enough to be totally flummoxed by the British accents in those costume dramas) and to come join me in bed, but now it has become a ritual I perform for an immaterial, invisible audience—my Maker, my grandfather would have said, with that little thin-lipped smile of his peeping out from under his gray mustache.

As a child I would look at him and wonder how he could stay sane, being so close to his death. But actually, it turns out, Nature drips a little anesthetic into your veins each day that makes you think a day is as good as a year, and a year as long as a lifetime. The routines of living—the tooth-brushing and pill-taking, the flossing and the water glass, the matching of socks and the sorting of the laundry into the proper bureau drawers—wear you down.

I wake each morning with hurting eyeballs and with dread gnawing at my stomach—that blank drop-off at the end of the chute, that scientifically verified emptiness of the atom and the spaces between the stars. Nevertheless, I shave. Athletes and movie actors leave a little bristle now, to intimidate rivals or attract cavewomen, but a man of my generation would sooner go onto the street in his underpants than unshaven. The very hot washcloth, held against the lids for dry eye. The lather, the brush, the razor. The right cheek, then the left, feeling for missed spots along the jaw line, and next the upper lip, the sides and that middle dent called the philtrum, and finally the fussy section, where most cuts occur, between the lower lip and the knob of the chin. My hand is still steady, and the triple blades they make these days last forever.

The first time I slept with the woman I was nearly arrested in Passaic with, I purred. That detail had fled my memory for years, but the other day, as I held somebody else's cat on my lap, it came back to me. We were on a scratchy sofa, covered in that off-white Haitian cotton that was once fashionable in suburban décor, and when I had pumped her full of myself—my genetic surrogate, wrapped in protein—I lay on top of her, cooling off. "Listen to this," I said, and laid my cheek against hers, which was still hot, and let her listen to the lightly rattling sound of animal contentment that my throat was producing. I hadn't known I could do it, but I had felt the sound inside, waiting for me to be happy enough to produce it. She heard it. Her eyes, a few inches from mine, flared in astonishment, and she laughed. I had been a dutiful, religious child, but there and then I realized that the haven of true meaning, where life was rounded beyond the need for any further explanation, had been opened up, and I experienced a peace that has never quite left me, clinging to me in shreds.

Years before, before our affair, a group of us young marrieds had been sitting and smoking on a summer porch, and when she, wearing a miniskirt, crossed her legs the flash of the underside of her thigh made my mouth go dry, as sharply dry as if a desert wind had howled in my skull. Human physiology is the demon we can't exorcize. She was to me a marked woman from that moment on.

Until the wife leaves off her electronic entertainments and comes to bed, I have trouble going to sleep. Then, at three o'clock, when there's not a car stirring in town, not even a drunken kid or a sated philanderer hurrying home on rubber tires, I wake and marvel at how motionlessly she sleeps. She has taken to wearing a knotted bandanna to keep her hair from going wild, and the two ends of the knot stick up against the faint window light like little ears on top of her head. Her stillness is touching, as is the girlishly tidy order in which she keeps her dressing room and the kitchen and would keep the entire house if I would let her. I can't fall back into unconsciousness, like a water strider held aloft on the surface tension of her beautiful stillness.

I listen for the first car to stir toward dawn downtown; I wait for her to wake and get out of bed and set the world in motion again. The hours flow forward in sluggish jerks. She says I sleep more than I am aware. But I am certainly aware of when, at last, she stirs: she irritably moves her arms, as if fighting her way out of a dream, and then in the strengthening window light pushes back the covers and exposes for a moment her rucked-up nightie and her torso moving through a diagonal to a sitting position. Her bare feet pad around the bed, and, many mornings, now that I'm retired and nearly eighty, I fall back asleep for another hour. The world is being tended to, I can let go of it, it doesn't need me.

The shaving mirror hangs in front of a window overlooking the sea. The sea is always full, flat as a floor. Or almost: there is a delicate planetary bulge in it, supporting a few shadowy freighters and cruise ships making their motionless way out of Boston Harbor. At night, the horizon springs a rim of lights—more, it seems, every year. Winking airplanes from the corners of the earth descend on a slant, a curved groove in the air, toward the unseen airport in East Boston. My life-prolonging pills cupped in my left hand, I lift the glass, its water sweetened by its brief wait on the marble sink-top. If I can read this strange old guy's mind aright, he's drinking a toast to the visible world, his impending disappearance from it be damned.

The New Yorker - The Full Glass -  by John Updike  - May 26, 2008